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Casein alpha-s1 is one of the major lactoproteins produced by the mammary gland. A significant polymorphism at the CSN1S1 locus showed an association with different levels of synthesis of the protein but also with an effect on the lipid fraction of the milk.

Progressive ataxia is a neurodegenerative disease present in Charolais breed for more than 40 years, affecting both males and females. The animals did not show signs at birth and the early symptoms appear on average between 12 and 18 months. The first symptoms are weakness and incoordination of hind legs, but the disease is evolving in a few months towards a difficulty to rise and then to a permanent decubitus.

This disease has an autosomal and recessive genetic determinism. This neurodegenerative abnormality presents the following symptoms from the first days after birth: muscle and ligament sensitivity, sometimes quadriplegia, ataxia (incoordination of movements) and paresis (mild or partial paralysis linked with a decrease in muscle strength).

General: Affected cattle often have severe ulcers on in the mouth, teeth loss, chronic pneumonia, and diarrhoea. Affected cattle often die at a young age due to infections
Common Ancestor: Osborndale Ivanhoe
Clinical: Affected animals are characterized by recurrent bacterial infections, delayed wound healing, and stunted growth, along with persistent neutrophilia. There is a deficiency in ß2-integrin of leukocytes. These glycoproteins - integrins - are vital to cell-cell and cell-substratum adhesion reactions in the body. Such adhesions are centre of anti-inflammatory reaction.
Information from the Booklet: "Understanding Genetics and Complete Genetic Disease and Trait Definition " (ICBF)

General: Affected calves are either aborted in the first 40 days of gestation or stillborn. Stillborn calves are born after a prolonged gestation with reduced body weight, a short neck and body, a hump between the shoulder blades and a deformed lower jaw.
Common Ancestor: Sweet Haven Tradition, Bis-May Tradition Cleitus, Rothrock Tradition Leadman.
Clinical: Stillborn calves are characterized by a severely reduced body weight, shortening of the spine, long and slender limbs, malformed internal organs including, liver, kidneys, reproductive organs, and heart. Intervertebral disks can have incomplete development or be fused. Limbs appear disproportionately long in relation to the body.
Information from the Booklet: "Understanding Genetics and Complete Genetic Disease and Trait Definition " (ICBF).

It is an autosomal-recessive disorder and affected animals present a wide range of clinical features that include the following: delayed development with low birth weight, hind limb muscular hypoplasia, caprine-like thin head and partial coat depigmentation

General: The "B" allele has a positive effect on coagulation time and cheese yield due to a firmer curd production. The "G" and "E" alleles are associated with less favourable coagulation properties. Kappa Casein does have an interaction effect with Beta Casein, for coagulation time and curd firmness having one "B" allele for each gene produces the best result.
Common Ancestor: None identified
Clinical: The "A" is the ancestral allele and other alleles are characterized by changes within the CSN3 gene
Information from the Booklet: "Understanding Genetics and Complete Genetic Disease and Trait Definition " (ICBF).

Age of onset varied from 2 to 6 weeks. Initial signs included pelvic limb ataxia and paraparesis. The neurological signs systematically progressed, over a 1–3-month period, to severe pelvic limb and truncal ataxia along with moderate paraparesis, leading to permanent recumbency. The evolution is always fatal.

This deficiency causes a disorder in the cholesterol metabolism of the calf. He has no appetite and is victim of incurable diarrhea leading to an early mortality between 30 and 200 days after his birth.

General: The four alleles of the MC1R gene are dominant black (MC1R_Ed), Black/Red (MC1R_Ebr), wild type red (MC1R_E+) and recessive red (MC1R_e). Dominant black (Ed) is dominant to the other three alleles and animals with Ed are black and white. Black/Red, also known as Telstar, (Ebr) results in red colour at birth which changes to black at a young age. E+E+ cattle can be almost any colour since other genes take over dictating what coat colour pigments are produced. Two copies of the recessive red (e) allele result in red colour. The order of dominance is Ed>Ebr>E+>e
Common Ancestor: None identified
Clinical: The MC1R gene controls black and red pigment production in cattle. Holstein cattle have another allele, Dominant Red, in the COPA gene, which overrides MC1R and produces dominant red pigment. If an animal is homozygous for both the Ed and e alleles it is considered to be homozygous ee for its phenotype. This is because the e allele causes a loss of gene function via a deletion. This deletion causes a frameshift and a premature stop codon at amino acid 15.
Information from the Booklet: "Understanding Genetics and Complete Genetic Disease and Trait Definition " (ICBF).

General: Affected calves are usually aborted during gestation, some are born alive but die soon after. Animals have a shortened neck and curved spine, they can have abnormal ribs, contracted joints, and contracted and rotated fetlocks.
Common Ancestor: Carlin-M Ivanhoe Bell and Pennstate Ivanhoe
Clinical: CVM diagnosis is often difficult due to significant clinical heterogeneity in affected calves. Affected animals are characterized by anomalies of the spinal column and limbs, a shortening of the cervical and thoracic parts of the vertebral column and symmetrical arthrogryphosis in the front and occasionally in the hind legs. Animals can have axial skeletal deformities, misshaped vertebrae, scoliosis, joint contractures of the lower limb joints, and cardiac anomalies. Pedigree plus necropsy can provide a presumptive diagnosis with DNA testing providing the definitive diagnosis.
Information from the Booklet: "Understanding Genetics and Complete Genetic Disease and Trait Definition " (ICBF).

General: Multiple alleles in the Myostatin gene affect muscle mass, some effect calving difficulty
Common Ancestor: None identified
Clinical: Myostatin is essential for proper regulation of skeletal muscle development. Hyperplasia (doublemuscled) is a result of a defective myostatin protein.
Information from the Booklet: "Understanding Genetics and Complete Genetic Disease and Trait Definition " (ICBF).

The "culard" character is characterized by muscular hypertrophy. There is also a more compact carcass and a higher carcass yield.

Smaller Chicken are more efficient for egg production. Therefore, this leads to a selection of animals carrying the dwarfism gene.

The genetic identification is based on the analysis of n molecular markers that could be microsatellite or SNP. The result is the genotype and it is specific to each animal except for real twins. The probability of encountering two animals (whether related or not) with the same genotype becomes smaller as the number of markers is big. The genotype is a combination of half-inherited alleles from each parent. An animal is said to be homozygous for a marker if both alleles are identical and heterozygous if they are different.

The genetic identification is based on the analysis of n molecular markers that could be microsatellite or SNP. The result is the genotype and it is specific to each animal except for real twins. The probability of encountering two animals (whether related or not) with the same genotype becomes smaller as the number of markers is big. The genotype is a combination of half-inherited alleles from each parent. An animal is said to be homozygous for a marker if both alleles are identical and heterozygous if they are different.

The genetic identification is based on the analysis of n molecular markers that could be microsatellite or SNP. The result is the genotype and it is specific to each animal except for real twins. The probability of encountering two animals (whether related or not) with the same genotype becomes smaller as the number of markers is big. The genotype is a combination of half-inherited alleles from each parent. An animal is said to be homozygous for a marker if both alleles are identical and heterozygous if they are different.

The genetic identification is based on the analysis of n molecular markers that could be microsatellite or SNP. The result is the genotype and it is specific to each animal except for real twins. The probability of encountering two animals (whether related or not) with the same genotype becomes smaller as the number of markers is big. The genotype is a combination of half-inherited alleles from each parent. An animal is said to be homozygous for a marker if both alleles are identical and heterozygous if they are different.

The genetic identification is based on the analysis of n molecular markers that could be microsatellite or SNP. The result is the genotype and it is specific to each animal except for real twins. The probability of encountering two animals (whether related or not) with the same genotype becomes smaller as the number of markers is big. The genotype is a combination of half-inherited alleles from each parent. An animal is said to be homozygous for a marker if both alleles are identical and heterozygous if they are different. The parentage assignment aims to answer the question: among the potential fathers (mothers), do we have the genetic father (mother) of the animal ?

The genetic identification is based on the analysis of n molecular markers that could be microsatellite or SNP. The result is the genotype and it is specific to each animal except for real twins. The probability of encountering two animals (whether related or not) with the same genotype becomes smaller as the number of markers is big. The genotype is a combination of half-inherited alleles from each parent. An animal is said to be homozygous for a marker if both alleles are identical and heterozygous if they are different. The parentage assignment aims to answer the question: among the potential fathers (mothers), do we have the genetic father (mother) of the animal ?

The genetic identification is based on the analysis of n molecular markers that could be microsatellite or SNP. The result is the genotype and it is specific to each animal except for real twins. The probability of encountering two animals (whether related or not) with the same genotype becomes smaller as the number of markers is big. The genotype is a combination of half-inherited alleles from each parent. An animal is said to be homozygous for a marker if both alleles are identical and heterozygous if they are different. The parentage assignment aims to answer the question: among the potential fathers (mothers), do we have the genetic father (mother) of the animal ?

The genetic identification is based on the analysis of n molecular markers that could be microsatellite or SNP. The result is the genotype and it is specific to each animal except for real twins. The probability of encountering two animals (whether related or not) with the same genotype becomes smaller as the number of markers is big. The genotype is a combination of half-inherited alleles from each parent. An animal is said to be homozygous for a marker if both alleles are identical and heterozygous if they are different. The parentage assignment aims to answer the question: among the potential fathers (mothers), do we have the genetic father (mother) of the animal ?

The genetic identification is based on the analysis of n molecular markers that could be microsatellite or SNP. The result is the genotype and it is specific to each animal except for real twins. The probability of encountering two animals (whether related or not) with the same genotype becomes smaller as the number of markers is big. The genotype is a combination of half-inherited alleles from each parent. An animal is said to be homozygous for a marker if both alleles are identical and heterozygous if they are different. The parentage assignment aims to answer the question: among the potential fathers (mothers), do we have the genetic father (mother) of the animal ?

The genetic identification is based on the analysis of n molecular markers that could be microsatellite or SNP. The result is the genotype and it is specific to each animal except for real twins. The probability of encountering two animals (whether related or not) with the same genotype becomes smaller as the number of markers is big. The genotype is a combination of half-inherited alleles from each parent. An animal is said to be homozygous for a marker if both alleles are identical and heterozygous if they are different. The parentage assignment aims to answer the question: among the potential fathers (mothers), do we have the genetic father (mother) of the animal ?

The genetic identification is based on the analysis of n molecular markers that could be microsatellite or SNP. The result is the genotype and it is specific to each animal except for real twins. The probability of encountering two animals (whether related or not) with the same genotype becomes smaller as the number of markers is big. The genotype is a combination of half-inherited alleles from each parent. An animal is said to be homozygous for a marker if both alleles are identical and heterozygous if they are different. The parentage assignment aims to answer the question: among the potential fathers (mothers), do we have the genetic father (mother) of the animal ?

The genetic identification is based on the analysis of n molecular markers that could be microsatellite or SNP. The result is the genotype and it is specific to each animal except for real twins. The probability of encountering two animals (whether related or not) with the same genotype becomes smaller as the number of markers is big. The genotype is a combination of half-inherited alleles from each parent. An animal is said to be homozygous for a marker if both alleles are identical and heterozygous if they are different. The parentage assignment aims to answer the question: among the potential fathers (mothers), do we have the genetic father (mother) of the animal ?

The genetic identification is based on the analysis of n molecular markers that could be microsatellite or SNP. The result is the genotype and it is specific to each animal except for real twins. The probability of encountering two animals (whether related or not) with the same genotype becomes smaller as the number of markers is big. The genotype is a combination of half-inherited alleles from each parent. An animal is said to be homozygous for a marker if both alleles are identical and heterozygous if they are different. The parentage assignment aims to answer the question: among the potential fathers (mothers), do we have the genetic father (mother) of the animal ?

The genetic identification is based on the analysis of n molecular markers that could be microsatellite or SNP. The result is the genotype and it is specific to each animal except for real twins. The probability of encountering two animals (whether related or not) with the same genotype becomes smaller as the number of markers is big. The genotype is a combination of half-inherited alleles from each parent. An animal is said to be homozygous for a marker if both alleles are identical and heterozygous if they are different. The parentage assignment aims to answer the question: among the potential fathers (mothers), do we have the genetic father (mother) of the animal ?

The genetic identification is based on the analysis of n molecular markers that could be microsatellite or SNP. The result is the genotype and it is specific to each animal except for real twins. The probability of encountering two animals (whether related or not) with the same genotype becomes smaller as the number of markers is big. The genotype is a combination of half-inherited alleles from each parent. An animal is said to be homozygous for a marker if both alleles are identical and heterozygous if they are different. The parentage assignment aims to answer the question: among the potential fathers (mothers), do we have the genetic father (mother) of the animal ?

The genetic identification is based on the analysis of n molecular markers that could be microsatellite or SNP. The result is the genotype and it is specific to each animal except for real twins. The probability of encountering two animals (whether related or not) with the same genotype becomes smaller as the number of markers is big. The genotype is a combination of half-inherited alleles from each parent. An animal is said to be homozygous for a marker if both alleles are identical and heterozygous if they are different. The parentage assignment aims to answer the question: among the potential fathers (mothers), do we have the genetic father (mother) of the animal ?

The genetic identification is based on the analysis of n molecular markers that could be microsatellite or SNP. The result is the genotype and it is specific to each animal except for real twins. The probability of encountering two animals (whether related or not) with the same genotype becomes smaller as the number of markers is big. The genotype is a combination of half-inherited alleles from each parent. An animal is said to be homozygous for a marker if both alleles are identical and heterozygous if they are different. The parentage assignment aims to answer the question: among the potential fathers (mothers), do we have the genetic father (mother) of the animal ?

The genetic identification is based on the analysis of n molecular markers that could be microsatellite or SNP. The result is the genotype and it is specific to each animal except for real twins. The probability of encountering two animals (whether related or not) with the same genotype becomes smaller as the number of markers is big. The genotype is a combination of half-inherited alleles from each parent. An animal is said to be homozygous for a marker if both alleles are identical and heterozygous if they are different. The parentage assignment aims to answer the question: among the potential fathers (mothers), do we have the genetic father (mother) of the animal ?

The genetic identification is based on the analysis of n molecular markers that could be microsatellite or SNP. The result is the genotype and it is specific to each animal except for real twins. The probability of encountering two animals (whether related or not) with the same genotype becomes smaller as the number of markers is big. The genotype is a combination of half-inherited alleles from each parent. An animal is said to be homozygous for a marker if both alleles are identical and heterozygous if they are different. The parentage assignment aims to answer the question: among the potential fathers (mothers), do we have the genetic father (mother) of the animal ?

This chip is suitable for researchers wishing to identify or reduce the region containing the polymorphism (s) responsible for the disease or trait, or to start the genomic selection.

Genotyping on this DNA chip (777,000 SNPs distributed regularly along the genome) is mainly intended for researchers wishing to identify or reduce the region containing the polymorphism (s) responsible for the disease or the character of the disease, interest.

Genotyping on this DNA chip (approximately 22,000 SNPs, including 7,000 of the Illumina LD chip) is primarily for genomic selection, which allows the classification and selection of animals based on their genetic value. It also contains polymorphisms responsible for diseases or traits.

Genotyping on this DNA chip (approximately 57,000 SNPs) is mainly intended to achieve the reference population of genomic selection but also to increase the accuracy of the results obtained previously with the LD chip. It also contains polymorphisms responsible for diseases or traits. This chip is also suitable for researchers wishing to identify or reduce the region containing the polymorphism (s) responsible for the disease or trait.

This chip is suitable for researchers wishing to identify or reduce the region containing the polymorphism (s) responsible for the disease or trait.

Genotyping on this DNA chip (approximately 15,000 SNPs) is primarily for genomic selection, which allows the classification and selection of animals based on their genetic value.

This chip is suitable for researchers wishing to identify or reduce the region containing the polymorphism (s) responsible for the disease or trait, or to start the genomic selection.

Genotyping on this DNA chip (approximately 606,000 SNPs) is mainly for researchers wishing to identify or reduce the region containing the polymorphism (s) responsible for the disease or trait.

These polymorphisms increase the number of ovulations.

The "n allele" has a major negative impact on the water holding capacity of the meat. This allele also affects the carcass length and carcass criteria associated with muscle and fat levels such as yield, fat and muscle thickness, weight of ham, loin and bark. The performances of Nn heterozygous pigs are closer to those of non-sensitive homozygous animals (NN).

General: Also called Syndactyly which means "joined finger", the cloven hoof is fused together. Affected cattle can have 1-4 fused hooves, show varying degrees of lameness, have a high-step gait, and may walk slowly.
Common Ancestor: Wayne Spring Fond Appolo
Clinical: The LRP4 gene plays a critical role in limb development. This disease has incomplete penetrance so it is possible that an animal homozygous for the mutation does not have the disease. It is estimated that up to 20% of animals homozygous for the disease won't have fused hooves.
Information from the Booklet: "Understanding Genetics and Complete Genetic Disease and Trait Definition " (ICBF).

The parentage assignment aims to answer the question: among the potential fathers (mothers), do we have the genetic father (mother) of the animal ?

The parentage control of an animal is based on the confrontation of its genotype with the ones from the alleged parents. The rule for excluding a parent from filiation is as follows: the genotype of an animal can only contain alleles transmitted by its father and mother. So if the animal is composed with several alleles absent from the parent genotype, then the parents do not qualified. This parentage control is most effective when both parents are tested.

The parentage control of an animal is based on the confrontation of its genotype with the ones from the alleged parents. The rule for excluding a parent from filiation is as follows: the genotype of an animal can only contain alleles transmitted by its father and mother. So if the animal is composed with several alleles absent from the parent genotype, then the parents do not qualified. This parentage control is most effective when both parents are tested.

The parentage control of an animal is based on the confrontation of its genotype with the ones from the alleged parents. The rule for excluding a parent from filiation is as follows: the genotype of an animal can only contain alleles transmitted by its father and mother. So if the animal is composed with several alleles absent from the parent genotype, then the parents do not qualified. This parentage control is most effective when both parents are tested.

The parentage control of an animal is based on the confrontation of its genotype with the ones from the alleged parents. The rule for excluding a parent from filiation is as follows: the genotype of an animal can only contain alleles transmitted by its father and mother. So if the animal is composed with several alleles absent from the parent genotype, then the parents do not qualified. This parentage control is most effective when both parents are tested.

General: The poll allele causes animals to have an absence of horns. Besides the lack of horns, genetically polled animals also have a narrower skull, especially noticeable at the poll. Horned and dehorned cattle typically have a flat-looking poll, while genetically polled cattle have more peaked-looking poll.
Common Ancestor: None identified.
Clinical: Poll is an economically favourable trait due to human and animal safety, economic loss from horn njuries, animal welfare, and the cost of dehorning.
Information from the Booklet: "Understanding Genetics and Complete Genetic Disease and Trait Definition " (ICBF).

A polymorphism in the Rendement Napole gene (RN) is responsible for an abnormal low pH and water holding capacity of the meat. The consequence in quality of the meat caused by this polymorphism can lead to major economic losses. So pig breeders can reduce this impact by adopting practices to eliminate the unfavorable allele.

Scrapie is a neurodegenerative disease known for several centuries that affects small ruminants (sheep, goats). Like Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), scrapie is caused by a transmissible protein agent, the prion. The symptoms of scrapie vary from one animal to another and develop very slowly. The affected animals generally show weight loss and motor coordination, limb bites and lip banging. The phases of trembling and incoordination progress to the death of the animal.

Scrapie is a neurodegenerative disease known for several centuries that affects small ruminants (sheep, goats). Like Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), scrapie is caused by a transmissible protein agent, the prion. The symptoms of scrapie vary from one animal to another and develop very slowly. The affected animals generally show weight loss and motor coordination, limb bites and lip banging. The phases of trembling and incoordination progress to the death of the animal.

Scrapie is a neurodegenerative disease known for several centuries that affects small ruminants (sheep, goats). Like Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), scrapie is caused by a transmissible protein agent, the prion. The symptoms of scrapie vary from one animal to another and develop very slowly. The affected animals generally show weight loss and motor coordination, limb bites and lip banging. The phases of trembling and incoordination progress to the death of the animal.

Genetic determination of the sex of the animal

General: This allele causes coat colour dilution. Animals that are homozygous "A" for the PMEL17_64G>A allele are white coloured while heterozygous animals are an intermediate colour: light grey, dark grey, light red, or dark red, brown, or yellow depending on the animal's base coat colour.
Common Ancestor: None identified
Clinical: PMEL17_64G>A causes dilution of the eumelanin (black) and phaeomelanin (red) pigments in coat colour.
Information from the Booklet: "Understanding Genetics and Complete Genetic Disease and Trait Definition " (ICBF).

The coat color is often a characteristic of the racial affiliation of a cattle. One allele present in the homozygote state is responsible for the creamy white color of the coat.

The white skin genetics allows to offer a regularity of skin color regardless of the type of food.

The 'white recessive' mutation is associated with a white feather with a pigmented eye. It is the result of a retroviral insertion of 7.7 kb in intron 4 of the TYR gene.